For portfolio management, fees are asset-based and determined separately for each account, generally not exceeding 1.9% annually. The fee rates depend on the type of assets, account composition, size, and required services. Fees are payable quarterly, in arrears, and debited directly from client accounts. IARs may also charge a flat dollar rate or percentage for managing multiple accounts held away or may receive a combination of percentage of assets under management plus a flat fee. Fees, including flat dollar rates and combination method are negotiable at the account opening. Financial planning fees are charged at a flat rate, or as a percentage of asset value for ongoing plan management, based on the complexity of the client's situation. Qualified plan consulting fees are negotiated and based on plan assets, complexity, participants, locations, and services rendered.